The Environmental Hygiene Team operates under the direction of Registered Occupational Hygienist Broderick Mossman. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Noel Hendrickson/Blend Images/Getty Images. Promoting good personal hygiene and sanitation is therefore, the preferred option to improve the quality of life at the grass root level. Once the dwelling is clear of MRSA, the hygienists might instruct the residents about how to keep the building clean to thwart against a recurrence of the bacteria. Center for Interdisciplinary Research to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Affiliations Although a causal link between bacterial colonization and viral infection is implausible, we hypothesize that surface contamination is a marker of poor hygiene, which itself has been linked with viral upper respiratory infections and gastroenteritis. Previous studies have shown that self-reported hygiene surveys often overestimate true hygiene behavior, sometimes substantially [25]. It is likely that any bias present in these self-reports, however, would be over-reporting of hygienic practices. Competing interests: This study was partly funded by The Clorox Company. While the vast majority of study participants (n = 461, 92%) believed that hand washing was important for infection prevention, there was a large amount of variation in reported personal hygiene practices. Hence, the relatively clean environment was particularly surprising. This research was approved by the Columbia University Medical Center Institutional Review Board (CUMC IRB) and conducted with the assistance of Student Health Services, Housing Services, and Dining Services. The college dormitory setting has been recognized as a community-based reservoir for infectious diseases [5]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Personal hygiene. Subjects noted a median of 5 hand hygiene events per day (range 0 to 30 times), each lasting 16.5 seconds on average (range 0 to 70 seconds). Yes Visit the dentist. Subject demographics are listed in Table 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081460.t001. Prior to microbiological sampling, we did not inform prospective participants of the exact visit timing or of the surfaces being assessed. Similar to military barracks, college dormitories house large numbers of young adults in close proximity, often with variable infection control practices. Whether environmental sampling of additional surfaces, particularly those in common or public spaces, would have altered study finding is unknown. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Taken together, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that several organisms persist and transmit in the inanimate environment. Reported hand hygiene practices varied greatly among study participants. More women than men reported consistent hand washing before preparing food (p = .002) and after using the toilet (p = .001). Is the Subject Area "Hygiene" applicable to this article? Personal hygiene; Environmental hygiene; 1. It includes procedures used in a variety of domestic situations such as hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home health care (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection). Trained research assistants enrolled participants at the dining hall during dinnertimes on various days of the week. While study subjects were told to continue with baseline cleaning habits prior to environmental culturing, it is possible that participants altered household hygiene prior to our assessment, further impeding our quantification of surface contamination. A total of 501 students completed the study survey. No broth enrichment was performed. Although a growing literature has clarified the determinants and effects of particular hygiene behaviors, many practices remain incompletely understood [12]. Environmental hygiene showed similar variability although 73.3% (n = 367) of subjects reported dormitory cleaning at least once per month. Performed the experiments: BAM BC KH LC NK DS CT AG. Only 5.4% (n = 27) noted that their personal hygiene was worse than other students; 11% (n = 55) reported that their household hygiene was worse than others'. Several survey respondents reported symptoms of an infectious disease over the preceding month. For more information, please contact: Mark Samis Despite this hypothesis, our study failed to show an association between contamination of dormitory surfaces and (1) dormitory style, (2) reported household hygiene, and (3) reported illness. While the toxin is being removed, the hygienists might also hold forums explaining the symptoms and treatments of MRSA to anyone who is affected by it. Bevin Cohen, Affiliations Cleaning of bathroom doors and toilet flush handles was frequent for a subset of study participants (at least once weekly, n = 205, 40.9% and n = 225, 44.9%, respectively). sampled 70 commonly touched surfaces on a university campus for S. aureus [13]. Hygiene at household level Good-quality housing is a key element for ensuring a healthy community. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Disposable dishes or cups were cleaned frequently (daily n = 280, 55.9%; weekly n = 114, 22.8%). Little is known about the prevalence or significance of environmental contamination in the university setting. personal hygiene and environmental sanitation behaviours; friends’ approval and social desirability were linked to performing the desired behaviours. Bacterial contamination of common surfaces in both personal and shared dormitory spaces may contribute additional risk. No, Is the Subject Area "Habits" applicable to this article? Quantitative environmental cultures were analyzed as dichotomous variables as several specimens showed CFUs that were too numerous to count. Copyright: © 2013 Miko et al. 5:22 am IST on. Infrequent cleaning (once per semester or less) was common for many surfaces including bookshelves (n = 358, 71.5%), television remote controls (n = 425, 84.8%), light switches (n = 414, 82.6%), and refrigerator handles (n = 261, 72.7%). Declared major did not significantly predict hand hygiene practices. While methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was isolated from several surfaces (computer keyboards, telephones, and elevator buttons), no methicillin-resistant (MR) strains were found. Surface contamination showed little variation by type of dormitory, reported frequency of cleaning, or reported frequency of illness among the subset of study participants undergoing environmental sampling (n = 60, Table 3). Survey data were analyzed with Pearson's chi-squared test for categorical variables (e.g., Likert scale responses). Additional culturing for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and coliforms was performed using selective agar. These participants were compensated an additional twenty dollars for their time. Family influence was most commonly reported (n = 384, 76.6%), followed by education (n = 331, 66.1%), peers (n = 285, 56.9%), and work experience (n = 277, 55.3%). While 273 subjects (54.5%) reported desktop cleaning at least once per month, 345 (68.9%) stated that they cleaned their keyboard less than once per semester. Microbiologic samples of the dormitory environment were collected from 60 study participants (30 men and 30 women). Quantitative cultures were not obtained for these organisms. Probable Staphylococcus aureus was further confirmed using the tube coagulase test. The purpose of this study was to characterize the personal and environmental hygiene habits of college students, define the determinants of hygiene in this population, and assess the relationship between reported hygiene behaviors, environmental contamination, and health status. The purpose of this study was to characterize the personal and environmental hygiene habits of college students, define the determinants of hygiene in this population, and assess the relationship between reported hygiene behaviors, environmental contamination, and health status. As viral illnesses, particularly upper respiratory infections and gastroenteritis, are common in the dormitory setting, bacterial contamination will not reflect the etiology of these diseases. Yes Most study participants perceived their hygiene habits to be equal or better than other classmates. In the non-outbreak community setting, case reports have documented recurrent staphylococcal infections that have been resolved only after various household surfaces were decontaminated [21], [22]. Dr Charu Goel Sachdeva. Even if you follow a proper oral hygiene routine it is still recommended to visit a … Several objects showed a high burden of bacterial contamination, with over 90% of computer keyboards positive when cultured late in the day. Many diseases can be spread if the hands, face, or body are not washed appropriately at key times. The first step might be to evacuate all of the people living in the building. Further research into environmental reservoirs of infectious diseases may delineate whether surface decontamination is an effective target of hygiene interventions in this population. Two recent studies by Roberts et al. Yes Besides ruining a food business’s reputation, food-borne illness can cause customers to fall seriously ill, or even die. As participants were asked to clean their room with their normal frequency, they were not asked when individual surfaces were last cleaned. While the large majority of students (n = 474, 94.6%) reported washing their hands “always” or “most of the time” after using the toilet, hand hygiene was significantly less common in other scenarios: 246 students (49.1%) reported washing their hands “always” or “most of the time” prior to meals; 50% reported that they practiced hand hygiene after touching a pet or other animal. Contributed equally to this work with: The presence of particular symptoms (e.g., cough, fever, diarrhea), missed classes due to illness, visits to a health care provider, and use of prescription or non-prescription medications were assessed as measures of health status. Environmental contamination with coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (e.g., S. aureus) and coliforms was assessed using direct inoculation onto selective agar (mannitol salt and MacConkey, respectively). While every effort was made to culture surfaces in a timely manner, some subjects were cultured up to two weeks after survey completion, further impairing our comparison of questionnaire data with microbiological findings. All individuals participating in the study completed the questionnaire. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? As such, this population may be well suited for hygiene interventions with sustained impact over adult life. How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? If this finding is confirmed, hygiene interventions targeting the environment may be ill suited for this population, despite the perception of their poor cleaning habits. It is important for maintaining both physical and mental health. Such variability was seen in the individual surfaces sampled. Benjamin A. Miko, While our study demonstrated significant bacterial surface contamination, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was infrequently found. If a group of environmental hygienists discover that a potentially deadly strain of bacteria such as MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus — is present in a multiple family housing dwelling, they take the necessary steps to get rid of it. The >10 CFUs cut point was chosen for this dichotomous analysis because of its clinical relevance as an inoculation dose for particular pathogens (e.g., S. aureus) and its statistical discrimination (>10 CFUs represented the upper quartile of our environmental specimens). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Most students expressed an understanding that hand hygiene was instrumental in preventing upper respiratory infections (n = 459, 91.6%) and gastrointestinal infections (n = 435, 86.8%). Funding: This research was supported by “Training in Interdisciplinary Research to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance,” NIH T90 NR010824 at Columbia University and by the The Clorox Company. Outbreaks of influenza, non-influenza respiratory viruses, measles, mumps, varicella, and rubella have all been noted among residents of college dormitories [5], [8], [9], [10]. 65 students (13%) missed class over the previous month due to these complaints; 56 (11.2%) sought medical care. e81460. Good personal hygiene habits are directly related to less illnesses and better health. These conditions include unsanitary water supplies, waste disposal systems, food sources, and temporary or permanent housing structures. For the survey portion of our study, pre-enrollment sample size analysis demonstrated sufficient power to detect clinically meaningful differences between comparison groups (95% power for odds ratios of 2 or greater for total sample size of 500). noted no reduction in symptoms from viral infectious diseases in households that utilized antimicrobial cleaning and hand washing products [23]. Our data suggest that most college students have a clear understanding of hygiene benefits and place significant belief in its ability to prevent infection and promote health. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Microbiological samples were collected using pre-moistened rayon-tipped culturette swabs (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). You … Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Affiliation Taken together, our sampling technique, use of survey data, and sample size may have weakened our ability to quantify the association between household hygiene, environmental contamination, and health. It is estimated that washing hands with soap and water could reduce diarrheal disease-associated deaths by up to 50%. Columbia University Health Services, New York, New York, United States of America, Affiliations Bacterial contamination was assessed using standard quantitative bacterial culture techniques. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 2, 0.4%) and cardiovascular disease (n = 1, 0.2%) were rarely noted. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Good hygiene is an important barrier to many infectious diseases, including the faecal–oral diseases, and it promotes better health and well-being. Personal hygiene has a tremendous impact on food hygiene and presentation. Énumère quelques publications qui peuvent aider les professionnels en hygiène industrielle à réussir leur examen de qualification. While environmental contamination has been documented in household settings, its role in transmission of infectious pathogens remains unclear [5]. These conditions include unsanitary water supplies, waste disposal systems, food sources, and temporary or permanent housing structures. No, Is the Subject Area "Hand washing" applicable to this article? Most of these practices are done on a daily basis, because of the tendency of our bodies to get unclean easily. Center for Interdisciplinary Research to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Recruitment procedures are detailed in our previous research in this population, and briefly described below [6]. He or she will act as the director of the public works, engineering and environmental hygiene division and will oversee its operations and activities. here. All participants were given an information sheet describing the study and provided verbal informed consent. To achieve the greatest health benefits, improvements in hygiene should be made concurrently with improvements in the water supply and sanitation, and be integrated with other interventions, such as improving nutrition … When it comes to our bodies, they should be bathed at least once a day with clean water and detergent soap. Environmental sampling visits occurred within two weeks of survey completion. No, Is the Subject Area "Respiratory infections" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Infectious diseases" applicable to this article? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081460.t003. examined S. aureus surface contamination at the University of Washington (specifically, the dental school clinic, general university campus, student homes, and surrounding community) [14], [15]. If ever someone pollute the street with toxic waste (spitting or vomiting, for example), the State is responsible for the respective cleaning using companies in environmental hygiene. Environmental hygienists work with local and federal authorities to uncover potential sources of contamination within these systems. Provides a list of industrial hygiene consultants and their fields of activity (control of lead and asbestos in the workplace, ionizing radiation, etc.) For example, many people naturally avoid those who sneeze and cough in their face without covering the mouth. Environmental hygiene includes, in general, activities of disinfection (to control the bacteria and organisms which are harmful to health), fumigation, disinfestation and rodent control. Study subjects noted diverse determinants of their hygiene habits. While the majority of subjects reported that their living space was cleaned on a weekly basis (n = 314, 62.7%), a subset reported cleaning on a daily basis (n = 53, 10.6%) or monthly basis (n = 61, 12.2%). The presence or absence of clinical infection prior to microbiological sampling may have altered endogenous bacterial shedding into the environment or cleaning habits. Personal, domestic and community hygiene. Further study into environmental reservoirs of infectious diseases may delineate the importance of surface contamination and define the relative impact of household hygiene interventions in this important setting. Presents the types of qualification examinations that are offered by the Industrial Hygiene Faculty to classify members in the existing categories. Maintain personal and environmental hygiene to limit monsoon woes. Personal hygiene may be described as the key of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body. While Neisseria meningitides has received particularly intense study due to its morbidity and mortality, numerous bacterial and viral pathogens spread efficiently and cause disease in this setting [7]. Yes Those agreeing to complete a questionnaire offered verbal consent prior to survey initiation. Yes Colony forming units (CFU) counts were determined using a binocular dissecting microscope. As this is the first study of dormitory residents to evaluate the relationship between environmental colonization, reported hygiene habits, and reported health status, it is not possible to assess for congruence with other studies. Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Today, environmental and personal hygiene, including hand hygiene, are still important measures to prevent serious infectious diseases in healthcare [2-13]. While all individuals would likely benefit from improved hygiene practices, certain populations may be particularly impacted by directed hygiene interventions. No, Is the Subject Area "Medical risk factors" applicable to this article? Once identified, the hygienists then implement scientifically sound ways to eradicate the dangers present. Although the surfaces cultured represented a standardized set of commonly-touch items present across all dormitory settings, other surfaces remained untested. Students entering the dining hall were eligible to participate in the study which included (1) completion of a standardized hygiene questionnaire and (2) culturing of environmental dormitory surfaces in a subset of subjects. Environmental hygiene is also the practical measures used to improve those factors affecting human health. Published. Lower classmen were significantly more likely than upper classmen to report washing their hands after using the toilet. Poor personal hygiene leaves visible signs of poor health on a person’s body. Wrote the paper: BAM. As with the survey data, Pearson's chi-squared was used to assess independence of microbiological results. Oral hygiene---or the process of caring for the teeth and gums---is vital for optimal health and attractiveness. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Surveys" applicable to this article? More study participants utilized disinfecting products compared to non-disinfecting products (n = 299, 59.7% v. n = 165, 32.9% respectively). Surface contamination with any bacteria did not vary by frequency of cleaning or frequency of illness (p>.05). Liquid hand soap was the most common product used for hand hygiene (n = 418, 83.4%) with a minority regularly using hand sanitizer (n = 179, 35.7%). While a minority of students took antibiotics (n = 30, 6%), several took prolonged courses (up to 30 days), corresponding to 167 days of antibiotic use among study participants. Several aspects of our study design warrant consideration when interpreting these results. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software (PASW Statistics 18.0; IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY). Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was detected in three participants' rooms (on a dish, bookshelf, and remote control) and coliforms were present in six students' rooms (on a remote control, keyboard, desk, light switch, refrigerator handle, bathroom door handle, and three bookshelves). Environmental hygiene is a group of activities that aim to protect people from dangerous conditions arising from unsanitary shelters, air supplies or bodily nourishment centers. Those wishing to volunteer for this portion of the study were asked to provide contact information to schedule the study visit to their living space. 10.8% (n = 54) of study subjects stated that their room was “never” cleaned. Nearly 80% of study participants (n = 399) reported that disinfection was important for preventing infection. While cleanliness itself may be a meaningful marker of safe hygiene practices, environmental contamination appears unrelated to reported household hygiene and risk of clinical infection. In 2018 IFH published a consensus report which sets out why hygiene in home and everyday life is such an important part of public health, and what needs to be done to change hygiene understanding and hygiene behaviour as a means to tackle some of the key present day health issues such as reducing antibiotic resistance and reducing pressure on our health systems. Students in the university setting may be ideal targets given their transition from family to independent living, increased risk for infectious diseases [5], and potential for effective behavioral modification. The aim of personal hygiene is to promote standards of personal cleanliness, within the setting of the condition where people live. Hygiene habits and health status were based on self-reported data and consequently subject to recall and reporting bias. Those completing environmental sampling provided full written informed consent. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. Several studies have implicated household fomites in the transmission of infectious diseases, including viral and bacterial enteric pathogens [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]. Importance Of Personal And Environmental Hygiene When working in a healthcare setting, regardless of an individual’s role, every team member is responsible for maintaining not only exceptional personal hygiene but also the cleanliness of their surroundings. Despite this, processing times showed variability (12 to 72 hours, average 36 hours) and we were not able to assess for differences in isolation or quantification of bacteria between these time points. A 4 cm2 area of the following surfaces was cultured in each participant's living environment: computer keyboard, bookshelf, desk, reusable cup/dish, remote control (television or other device), overhead light switch, refrigerator handle, and bathroom stall/door handle. Although the power to detect moderate risk relationships was sufficient for the survey component of the study, the microbiological component was powered only to detect large determinants. What Are the Steps of Presidential Impeachment? Types of hygiene issues Causes of hygiene issues Further information It is quite common for people with dementia to lose interest in, or forget about, personal hygiene. Bacterial contamination of specific surfaces was variable, ranging from no growth to CFUs too numerous to count. Citation: Miko BA, Cohen B, Haxall K, Conway L, Kelly N, Stare D, et al. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081460. Our results suggest that surface contamination, while prevalent, is unrelated to hygiene or health in the college setting. Also, it aims to protect water and food supplies and to safely manage environmental factors. Contamination of certain surfaces was common, with at least one third of all bookshelves, desks, refrigerator handles, toilet handles, and bathroom door handles positive for >10 CFU of bacteria per 4 cm2 area. It is possible that in certain populations at elevated risk for infection – including college dormitory residents – environmental contamination may be of increased importance, thereby mimicking healthcare populations rather than lower risk community residents. Our results suggest that surface contamination, while prevalent, is unrelated to reported hygiene or health in the university setting. Similar to personal hygiene, household hygiene habits varied greatly among study participants. Although this can be upsetting for families and carers, working out ways of coping without argument or confrontation can be worthwhile. 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